2.- SYSTEMIC CORRUPTION

Javier Marzal — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 20:14:46 +0000

The first article in this series addressed macroeconomic corruption, whose documented scale exceeds public debt in the four largest economies of the European Union, although this dimension has not been incorporated into economic, political or anti-corruption analysis.
This second article addresses the systemic dimension of corruption, continuing to rely primarily on texts produced by intergovernmental organisations. The question is no longer merely how much corruption costs, but what happens when its consequences simultaneously reach society as a whole, adversely affecting the lives of the majority.

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1.- Without corruption, there would be no public debt

Javier Marzal — Fri, 17 Jul 2026 19:01:26 +0000

Corruption: the macroeconomic variable that has been overlooked and which invalidates economic and political theory and analysis.

Official documentation published by the United Nations, the European Union and the Eurosystem shows that corruption has acquired a macroeconomic dimension and constitutes the world's most profitable business.

Given its scale, it is no longer possible to properly analyse economic growth, productivity, public spending or public debt without incorporating corruption as a relevant variable in economic and political analysis

The chart compares the increase in public debt and estimated corruption in the four largest economies of the European Union over a decade. Other official sources indicate that the true scale of corruption may be even greater.

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